By

Contents
  1. 1. Install Ubuntu
    1. 1.1. Ubuntu 12.04 installer in USB mass storage device
    2. 1.2. Ubuntu 12.04 硬件安装
  2. 2. proxy settings
  3. 3. 确保apt-get工作正常
  4. 4. firefox 同步
  5. 5. Adobe flash support
  6. 6. 关闭ubuntu Tab键自动补全的声音
  7. 7. 安装git
  8. 8. 安装quilt
  9. 9. 安装ssh
    1. 9.1. ssh后 perl: warning: Setting locale failed
  10. 10. 设置默认shell为bash
  11. 11. rpm 包安装
  12. 12. 64-bit 系统对32-bit的兼容
  13. 13. 安装五笔
  14. 14. 设置背景色
  15. 15. vim 安装
  16. 16. 恢复光标关闭前的位置
  17. 17. 目录結构
  18. 18. 创建root及其密码
  19. 19. 设置默认编辑器
  20. 20. fix: override cpp setting
  21. 21. Add user to a group
  22. 22. Keep the env for sudo
  23. 23. sudo echo
  24. 24. sudo不需要输入密码
  25. 25. Eclipse setup
  26. 26. Wine for windows program
  27. 27. Boot Ubuntu from terminal
  28. 28. Boot Ubuntu from specific kernel
  29. 29. Set memmap in GRUB
  30. 30. Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)
  31. 31. Boot Ubuntu without the specific module installed automatically
  32. 32. Networking setting
  33. 33. Local networking setting RNDIS(Ubuntu)
  34. 34. Networking setting (CentOS)
  35. 35. cifs mounting
  36. 36. ldconfig
  37. 37. locate
  38. 38. update-alternative
  39. 39. aria2c download by multi-thread

居家旅行必备的设置，以下内容都是基于Ubuntu12.04系统的.
(Updated for Ubuntu14.04)

Install Ubuntu

Ubuntu 12.04 installer in USB mass storage device

  • Download the Ubuntu 12.04 image(*.iso)

  • Prepare a USB mass storage device and connect to the PC(assuming “sdb”)

  • Create installer in the USB device

    1
    2
    3
    $ su -
    # fdisk -l
    # dd bs=4M if=*.iso of=/dev/sdb

  • Boot the PC and seclet boot from USB mass storage device

  • I have tried to create one partition on the USB mass storage device, then create the installer in the new partition, other partitions are used for original purpose.

  • USB memory cannot be done successfully, maybe USB hard disk can do this.

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    # fdisk /dev/sdb
      o: create empty partition table
      n: create new partition(sdb1 sdb2)

    # dd bs=4M if=*.iso of=/dev/sdb
    or 
    # dd bs=4M if=*.iso of=/dev/sdb1  --> In this way, the partition cannot be found when booting PC, even if /dev/sdb1 is toggled as boot partition by fdisk(a: option)

    # mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb2  --> Partition 2 can be used for windows.

    I have created a Ubuntu13.04 installer in partition 1 of a USB hard disk successfully before. But unfortunately I missed the log...

Ubuntu 12.04 硬件安装

(似乎依赖于windows系统，不推荐，虽然我目前就的就是这种方式)
(2016/07/02, 已经不用这种方法了)

  • Usually there are 2 ways to setup by hardware.
  • wubi安装(这可不是五笔啊)
    • get wubi.exe from ubuntu*.iso
    • wubi.exe –force-wubi
    • 因为12.04里，windows内安装的选项被禁用了。
  • non-wubi

proxy settings

如果使用proxy来wget代码,那么必须要设置正确的proxy环境变量.

  • 临时使用

    1
    2
    3
    # export ftp_proxy=http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@improxy.mit.edu:10080
    # export http_proxy=http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@improxy.mit.edu:10080
    # export https_proxy=http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@improxy.mit.edu:10080

  • 永久使用:将以上内容,写到bashrc中.

    • For all users

      1
      /etc/bash.bashrc

    • For the local user

      1
      ~/.bashrc

  • 查看是否写入到环境变量中

    1
    2
    3
    4
    # env | grep proxy
    ftp_proxy=http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@improxy.mit.edu:10080
    http_proxy=http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@improxy.mit.edu:10080
    https_proxy=http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@improxy.mit.edu:10080

  • 如果apt-get是经过代理工作的,需要编缉/etc/apt/apt.conf

    1
    2
    3
    4
    Acquire::http::Proxy "http://username:passwd@proxy_addr:port";
    如:
    Acquire::http::Proxy "http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@iproxy.mit.edu:10080";
    Acquire::ftp::Proxy "http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@iproxy.mit.edu:10080";

  • 如果是firefox需要proxy

    • 在网络设置里,输入proxy的IP及端口号

确保apt-get工作正常

1
2
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade

如果apt-get是经过代理工作的,需要编缉/etc/apt/apt.conf

1
2
3
4
Acquire::http::Proxy "http://username:passwd@proxy_addr:port";
如:
Acquire::http::Proxy "http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@iproxy.mit.edu:10080";
Acquire::ftp::Proxy "http://junwei-zhang:junwei123@iproxy.mit.edu:10080";

Ubuntu12.04, it may be got below error:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
W: Failed to fetch http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/dists/precise/universe/i18n/Index  No Hash entry in Release file /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.sohu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_universe_i18n_Index

W: Failed to fetch bzip2:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/mirrors.sohu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_main_binary-i386_Packages  Hash Sum mismatch

W: Failed to fetch bzip2:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_binary-i386_Packages  Hash Sum mismatch

E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

将/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/下的所有文件删除，但是这可以解决大部分问题，个别源不能解决，如”/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_binary-i386_Packages”，无耐进入/var/lib/apt/lists/将对应的文件删除

但是在ubuntu14.04下，似乎不能这样解决。试过以下方法：

1
2
3
$ sudo apt-get clean
$ sudo rm /var/lib/apt/* -rf
$ sudo apt-get udpate --fix-missing

(其实也不只是ubuntu14.04这样，这个时候ubuntu12.04也有同样的问题）

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
software&update：donwload from， other， set best server，自动为我选择了ali云的镜像（http://mirrors.aliyun.com）

$ sudo apt-get clean
$ sudo rm /var/lib/apt/* -rf
$ sudo apt-get udpate --fix-missing
... <snip>
Get:60 http://mirrors.aliyun.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-en [14 B]
Get:61 http://mirrors.aliyun.com trusty-security/universe Translation-en [24.4 kB]
Ign http://mirrors.aliyun.com trusty/main Translation-en_US
Ign http://mirrors.aliyun.com trusty/multiverse Translation-en_US
Ign http://mirrors.aliyun.com trusty/restricted Translation-en_US
Ign http://mirrors.aliyun.com trusty/universe Translation-en_US 
Fetched 24.6 MB in 20s (1,182 kB/s)
W: Failed to fetch bzip2:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_trusty_main_source_Sources  Hash Sum mismatch

W: Failed to fetch bzip2:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_trusty_main_binary-i386_Packages  Hash Sum mismatch

E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

$ sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list
  ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party
  ## developers who want to ship their latest software.
-  deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main
+ #deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main
-  deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main
+ #deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main

$ sudo apt-get udpate --fix-missing
Success!

使用apt-get下载*.deb包

1
apt-get download bluez

使用apt-get下载*.tar.gz源代码

1
apt-get source bluez

firefox 同步

  • firefox机器间同步
  • plugin with firefox(V11) in Ubuntu12.04 is incompatible, which because the version is too low.
    • To udpate 1:
    • Click “Help”->”Firefox Help”->”Firefox Free Download”
    • In the web page it will tell you it is not the latest version. You can update in this page.
    • It seemingly needs to restart the firefox or system.
    • To update 2:
    • sudo apt-get remove firefox
    • sudo apt-get install firefox

Adobe flash support

  • Open Ubuntu software center(/usr/bin/software-center), search “flash”
  • Open adobe flash download
  • Select “APT, 适用于Uubuntu10.04+”
  • Pop the window and choose “/usr/bin/software-center”
  • Software-center could download and install flash plugin automatically

关闭ubuntu Tab键自动补全的声音

1
2
3
$ sudo vi /etc/inputrc
- # set bell-style none
+ set bell-style none

安装git

1
$ sudo apt-get install git

安装quilt

1
sudo apt-get install quilt

安装ssh

1
$ sudo apt-get install ssh
  • Ubuntu14.04
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    sudo apt-get install openssh-server

    if you want to update the port number
    sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
    sudo service ssh restart

ssh后 perl: warning: Setting locale failed

有时在chroot后到一个新的rootfs中，make uImage会在编译过程中出现以下warning。

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
  GEN     lib/oid_registry_data.c
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
        LANGUAGE = (unset),
        LC_ALL = (unset),
        LC_PAPER = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
        LC_ADDRESS = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
        LC_MONETARY = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
        LC_NUMERIC = "C",
        LC_TELEPHONE = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
        LC_IDENTIFICATION = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
        LC_COLLATE = "C",
        LC_MEASUREMENT = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
        LC_TIME = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
        LC_NAME = "zh_CN.UTF-8",
        LANG = "en_US.UTF-8"
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
Compiling 49 OIDs
  CC      lib/oid_registry.o

这是因为local setting is not correct。可以在login user的bashrc中添加一些设置。如，你是以root用户登录到该系统，那就在/root/.bashrc中添加以下settings。

1
2
3
4
export LANGUAGE=en_US.UTF-8
export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
locale-gen en_US.UTF-8

Referrence:

设置默认shell为bash

(Ubuntu12.04默认shell为dash,即/bin/sh –> /bin/dash)

1
2
$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure dash
--> No

rpm 包安装

1
$ apt-get install rpm

64-bit 系统对32-bit的兼容

1
$ sudo apt-get install ia32-libs

安装五笔

1
sudo apt-get install ibus-table-wubi
* 如果没有ibus就先安装ibus
* ibus开机启动
1
language support --> keyboard input method system选为ibus即可

  • Ubuntu14.04, ibus不如以前那样好用了。因为，Ctrl+Space不能切换当前输入法与英文。所以转向Fcitx，国人写的输入法框架，更好的支持中文，支持一下！！

    1
    2
    $ killall ibus-daemon
    $ sudo apt-get install fcitx fcitx-table fcitx-table-wubi

  • Remove the ibus, not needed now

    1
    $ sudo apt-get purge ibus

  • But unfortunately, the ubuntu desktop is removed together(bad actions…), which causes the system setting is not available. Re-install the ubuntu desktop

    1
    $ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop

  • However, the input method switch does NOT work yet. The hotkey is used by others(Text Entry in System Setting).

    • Open System Setting and set the Switch to next source by other hotkey.

  • Yeap, it’s work now!

设置背景色

1
2
3
4
5
色度,饱和度,亮度
85,90,205
rgb
204 232 207
#CCE8CF

vim 安装

  • ubuntu12.04默认不能安装vim,这会导致vim相关的配置文件都无效.可以用以下方法安装vim.

    1
    2
    3
    The following packages have unmet dependencies:
    vim : Depends: vim-common (= 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2) but 2:7.3.429-2ubuntu2.1 is to be installed
    E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

  • 卸载vim-common

    1
    $ sudo apt-get remove vim-common

  • 再安装vim

    1
    $ sudo apt-get install vim

恢复光标关闭前的位置

  • 增加以下内容在.vimrc

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    if has("autocmd")
        " When editing a file, always jump to the last cursor position
        autocmd BufReadPost *
        \ if line("'\"") > 0 && line ("'\"") <= line("$") |
        \   exe "normal! g'\"" |
        \ endif
    endif

  • uncomment以下内容在/etc/vim/vimrc

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    " Uncomment the following to have Vim jump to the last position when
    " reopening a file
    if has("autocmd")
      au BufReadPost * if line("'\"") > 1 && line("'\"") <= line("$") | exe "normal! g'\"" | endif
    endif

  • 如果以上两个方法都没有没好使，有可能是.viminfo没有设置正确的权限

    1
    2
    3
    $ ll ~/.viminfo
    -rw------- 1 zjunwei zjunwei 4431 Nov  3 21:15 /home/zjunwei/.viminfo
     ^^          ^^^^^^^

目录結构

  • vimwiki is got from internet

    1
    2
    3
    $ mkdir -p ~/.vim
    $ cd ~/.vim
    git clone https://github.com/zjunweihit/vimwiki

  • others are got from vimwiki

    1
    2
    3
    4
    $ cd vimwiki
    $ cp -r automatically doc ftplugin plugin syntax ../
    zjunwei@ubuntu:~$ ls .vim/
    autoload  doc  ftplugin  plugin  syntax  vimwiki

创建root及其密码

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
zjunwei@ubuntu:~$ sudo passwd root
[sudo] password for zjunwei:
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
zjunwei@ubuntu:~$ su -
Password:
root@ubuntu:~#

设置默认编辑器

  • 终端输入:

    1
    $ echo export EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim >> ~/.bashrc

  • 使用系统管理工具update-alternatives设置

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    $ sudo update-alternatives --config editor
    There are 3 choices for the alternative editor (providing /usr/bin/editor).

      Selection    Path                Priority   Status
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      * 0            /bin/nano            40        auto mode
        1            /bin/ed             -100       manual mode
        2            /bin/nano            40        manual mode
        3            /usr/bin/vim.basic   30        manual mode

      Press enter to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 3
      update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/editor (editor) in manual mode.

  • 有可能会遇到两个vim,分别如下:

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
      Selection    Path                Priority   Status
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      * 0            /bin/nano            40        auto mode
        1            /bin/ed             -100       manual mode
        2            /bin/nano            40        manual mode
        3            /usr/bin/vim.basic   30        manual mode
        4            /usr/bin/vim.tiny    10        manual mode

    vim.basic是一个完整版的vim，但没有图像界面
    vim.tiny是一个vim的缩减版

fix: override cpp setting

Ubuntu 18.04, vim default setting has overrided ~/.vim/ftplugin/cpp.vim.

1
$ ls /usr/share/vim/vim80/ftplugin/cpp.vim

comment the last line:

1
"runtime! ftplugin/c.vim ftplugin/c_*.vim ftplugin/c/*.vim

Add user to a group

How to add a user to a group

  • add user to “sudo” group

    1
    $ sudo adduser `whoami` sudo

  • You can test which you belong to with the id -Gn command.

    1
    2
    $ id -Gn
    junwei-zhang adm disk dialout fuse admin

  • After adding yourself to a certain group, you’ll notice that the group is not immediately visible in the output of that command. If you do not want to restart the graphical session (“re-login”), perform a direct login:(or reboot the system)

    1
    $ su - $USER

  • Check it again

    1
    2
    $ id -Gn
    junwei-zhang adm disk dialout sudo fuse admin

Keep the env for sudo

如何保留”sudo command”时环境变量?

  • Modify the /etc/sudoer
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    $ sudo visudo

    + sudo env_keep += "http_proxy https_proxy ftp_proxy"
                        ^^^^^^^^^^
                        Add the env variant you want

sudo echo

  • This won’t work:

    1
    sudo echo "Text I want to write" > /path/to/file

  • If you want to write some text to a file that needs a root privileges, you do it this way:

    1
    echo "Text I want to write" | sudo tee /path/to/file > /dev/null
    • or (updated after reading discussion below):
      1
      sudo sh -c 'echo "Text I want to write" > /path/to/file'

  • If you just want to append some text, you do it this way:

    1
    echo "Text I want to write" | sudo tee -a /path/to/file > /dev/null
    • or (updated after reading discussion below):
      1
      sudo sh -c 'echo "Text I want to write" >> /path/to/file'

sudo不需要输入密码

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
(1)
$ su -

(2)
#chmod 660 /etc/sudoer

(3)
modify it as follow:(using sudo without password)

%sudo ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL

(4)
#chmod 440 /etc/sudoer

(5) add user to sudo group
$sudo adduser `whoami` sudo
1
2
3
4
$ su -
$ sudoedit /etc/sudoer
+ %sudo ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL
$ exit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
$ su -
$ sudoedit /etc/sudoer

# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
+ username ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL

# Allow members of group sudo to execute any command
- %sudo>-ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
+ #%sudo>-ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
$ exit

Eclipse setup

  • Download JDK

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    $ sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jdk

    $ java <Tab>
    java     javac    javadoc  javah    javap 
    $ java -version
    java version "1.7.0_25"
    OpenJDK Runtime Environment (IcedTea 2.3.10) (7u25-2.3.10-1ubuntu0.12.04.2)
    OpenJDK Server VM (build 23.7-b01, mixed mode)

  • Download Eclipse

    • eclipse kepler sr1

      1
      $ sudo tar xvf eclipse-cpp-kepler-SR1-linux-gtk.tar.gz -C /opt/

    • Run eclipse

      1
      $ /opt/eclipse/eclipse &

Wine for windows program

  • Open “Ubuntu Software Center”
  • search “wine”
  • install “wine Windows Program loader”
  • Download the Windows software *.exe
  • Click right button on it
  • select “open with wine Windows Program loader”

Boot Ubuntu from terminal

(Ubuntu14.04: referring to http://www.htpcbeginner.com/force-ubuntu-boot-into-terminal/)

  • Update the grub default settings
    1
    2
    3
    4
    $ sudo vi /etc/default/grub

    - GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
    + GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="text"

Boot Ubuntu from specific kernel

  • grep the menu entry

    1
    cat /boot/grub/grub.cfg | grep menuentry

  • set default option in grub, entering the secondary option by “>”

    1
    grub-set-default 'Advanced options for Ubuntu>Ubuntu, with Linux 4.7.0-custom'

  • update grub

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    vi /etc/default/grub

    + GRUB_DEFAULT=save

    update-grub

Set memmap in GRUB

  • $ needs escaping symbol \ both in default grub and grub.cfg

  • default grub

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    $ sudo vi /etc/default/grub

    - GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
    + GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="memmap=1G\\\$3G"

    $ update-grub
    the /boot/grub/grub.cfg will be updated accordingly

  • grub.cfg, following will be appended to the command line

    1
    memmap=1G\$3G

  • Verify after reboot

    1
    2
    # dmesg | grep user
    [    0.000000] user: [mem 0x00000000c0000000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved

  • referring to

Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)

1
2
3
4
- #GRUB_TERMINAL=console
+ GRUB_TERMINAL=console

$ sudo update-grub
  • Reboot the system, you will login the terminal by default
  • If you want to revert the changes, you can recover the /etc/default/grub and update the grub.
  • If you only want to use the terminal, you can press “Ctrl+Alt+F1”~”Ctrl+Alt+F6”. Then “Ctrl+Alt+F7” will take you back to the GUI desktop.

Boot Ubuntu without the specific module installed automatically

1
2
3
4
# echo "blacklist DRV_NAME" > /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

e.g.
# echo "blacklist amdgpu" > /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

Networking setting

  • Modify host name

    • forever
      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      11
      $ sudo vi /etc/hostname
      name_new

      $ reboot
      or
      $ sudo hostname name_new
      $ hostname
      name_new

      $ sudo vi /etc/hosts
      127.0.1.1   name_new

  • static IP

    • vi /etc/network/interfaces

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      # eth0 for static
      auto eth0
      iface eth0 inet static
      address 192.168.0.131
      netmask 255.255.255.0
      gateway 192.168.0.1

      # eth1 for dhcp
      auto eth1
      iface eth1 inet dhcp

    • restart network

      1
      2
      3
      $ sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
      or
      $ sudo service networking restart

  • set DNS

    • vi /etc/resolv.conf

      • 如果只修改这里,重启后会丢失DNS的信息
        1
        2
        3
        4
        domain sdec.
        search sdec.
        nameserver 10.11.12.13
        nameserver 192.168.0.2

    • vi /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/head

      • or /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base (未测试)
      • or /etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/tail (未测试)
        1
        2
        3
        4
        domain sdec.
        search sdec.
        nameserver 10.11.12.13
        nameserver 192.168.0.2

    • refresh resolvconf

      1
      $ sudo service resolvconf restart

  • tftp

    • 安装tftp的客户端,服务器和xinetd

      1
      $ sudo apt-get install tftp-hpa tftpd-hpa xinetd

    • vi /etc/xinetd.conf(设置xinetd, 如果没有就创建)

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      11
      12
      13
      14
      # Simple configuration file for xinetd
      #
      # Some defaults, and include /etc/xinetd.d/

      defaults
      {

      # Please note that you need a log_type line to be able to use log_on_success
      # and log_on_failure. The default is the following :
      # log_type = SYSLOG daemon info

      }

      includedir /etc/xinetd.d

    • vi /etc/xinetd.d/tftp(设置xinentd中的tftp控制,如果没有就创建)

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      11
      12
      13
      service tftp
      {
              socket_type             = dgram
              protocol                = udp
              wait                    = yes
              user                    = root
              server                  = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
              server_args             = -s /tftpboot -c
              disable                 = no
              per_source              = 11
              cps                     = 100 2
              flags                   = IPv4
      }
      • server_args配置tftp根目录路径

    • vi /etc/default/tftpd-hpa

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      * /etc/default/tftpd-hpa

      TFTP_USERNAME="tftp"
      TFTP_DIRECTORY="/tftpboot"
      TFTP_ADDRESS="0.0.0.0:69"
      TFTP_OPTIONS="-l -c -s"

    • 如果需要,可以修改tftp根目录的权限

      1
      $ sudo chmod –R 777 /tftpboot

    • 重启服务

      1
      2
      3
      $ sudo /etc/init.d/xinetd reload
      $ sudo /etc/init.d/xinetd restart
      $ sudo service tftpd-hpa restart

    • 主机测试

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      # write some test info.
      $ vi /tftpboot/a.txt
      $ cd ~
      $ tftp localhost
      tftp> get a.txt
      tftp> q
      $ ls -l a*.txt

    • 常见问题

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      11
      12
      13
      14
      15
      16
      17
      18
      19
      20
      21
      22
      23
      24
      25
      26
      27
      28
      29
      30
      31
      32
      33
      34
      35
      36
      37
      38
      39
      40
      41
      42
      现象一：

      tftp> get test.log

      Transfer timed out.

      原因：

      tftpd服务没有启动

      现象二：

      tftp> get test.log

      Error code 2: Only absolute filenames allowed

      原因：

      在/etc/xinetd.d/tftpd中设置的server_args为/etc/default/tftpd-hpa

      cat /etc/default/tftpd-hpa

      #Defaults for tftpd-hpa

      RUN_DAEMON="no"

      OPTIONS="-s /home/tftpd -c -p -U 077 -u tftpd"

      设置的时候只要将server_args＝改为你自己设定的服务器文件夹就行了

      现象三：

      tftp> put ex070416.log

      Error code 1: File not found

      原因：

      指定的文件不存在；或tftpd启动参数中没有指定-c选项，允许上传文件

      现象其它:
      再不好使就重新装一次^_^

  • NFS

    • nfs server(通常板子的调试,只需要安装server即可)

      • setup nfs server

        1
        $ sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server nfs-common

      • 重启nfs server

        1
        $ sudo service nfs-kernel-server restart

      • 设置共享目录

        1
        2
        3
        4
        5
        6
        7
        $ sudo vi /etc/exports

        /tftpboot       *(rw,sync,no_root_squash,no_all_squash)
        $ sudo service nfs-kernel-server restart

        for CentOS
        $ sudo /usr/sbin/exportfs -a

    • nfs client

      1
      $ sudo apt-get install nfs-common

      • 查看nfs server上共享的目录

        1
        showmount -e 192.168.xx.xx

      • 创建共享挂载点，并执行挂载

        1
        2
        $ mkdir /path-to-mount
        $ mount -t nfs 192.168.xx.xx:/path-to-share /path-to-mount

      • 修改/etc/fstab文件

        1
        192.168.xx.xx:/data3/nfsroot/data3/nfsroot nfs defaults 0 0

      • 在共享目录下创建一个文件，看看另外一端能不能看到。

Local networking setting RNDIS(Ubuntu)

  • Remote Network Device Interface Specification.

  • 它是由微软制定的规范,Linux也兼容这个规范. 通过USB的Gadget,将device虚拟为一个网卡,以实现本地网络的连接.因此,IP必须为192.168.x.x的范围.

  • Host PC

    • Linux(Ubuntu)需要使能下以Kconfig.

      1
      2
      3
      4
      |-- Device Drivers  --->
          |-- [*] Network device support (CONFIG_NETDEVICES)  --->
              |-- USB Network Adapters  --->
                  |-- <*> Multi-purpose USB Networking Framework (CONFIG_USB_USBNET)

      • 一般情况下,都是以 的形式发布的.所以,只要查看一下rndis_host.ko是否安装.

        1
        2
        3
        $ lsmod | grep eth
        cdc_ether              13536  1 rndis_host
        usbnet                 26212  3 rndis_host,cdc_subset,cdc_ether

      • 在我实验的环境里,并没有安装rndis_host.ko,但是也可以实现RNDIS功能.

    • Windows

      • 需要安装微软的Generic RNDIS驱动.

  • Device: usually it is embedded device.

    • 需要使能以下Kconfig, 产生g_ether.ko的功能,并支持RNDIS. g_ether是USB Gadget ethernet的功能.

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      |-- Device Drivers  --->
          |-- [*] USB support (CONFIG_USB_SUPPORT)  --->
              |-- <*> USB Gadget Support (CONFIG_USB_GADGET)  --->
                  `-- <*> USB Gadget Drivers  --->
                          |-- [*] RNDIS support (CONFIG_USB_ETH_RNDIS)

    • 如果同以上将g_ether.ko编入到内核的情况,可以在cmdline是设置ip,在系统启动过程中,会找网络.

      1
      setenv bootargs  root=/dev/mmcblk0p7 rootwait console=ttymxc1,115200 rw nosmp ip=192.168.1.2

    • 如果是以的方法,那么在系统起来后,安装g_ether.ko,然后,手动设置IP

      1
      ifconfig usb0 192.168.1.2

  • 待device系统起来,并且带有RNDIS的g_ether功能工作时,host(Ubuntu)会自动连接该设备.这时,我们要disconncet它.因为,它总是在不停地连接,使用过程中可能会自动断开,影响正常使用.断开后,Ubuntu将不会再自动连接,这时,我们要手动设置host端的ip.

    1
    ifconfig usb0 192.168.1.3 up

  • 至此,我们可以稳定地使用host与device之间的网络.

  • 注意:

    • 如果,host同时还在另一个local ip段内,如:192.168.0.123, 那么设置ip时,不要与它处于同一个ip段,否则,不能成功连接.

Networking setting (CentOS)

以下内容适用于CentOS等Redhat的Linux系统.

  • CentOS basic setings

    • modify host name

      • temporary & now

        1
        2
        3
        4
        5
        $ hostname
        name_org
        $ sudo hostname name_new
        $ hostname
        name_new

      • forever & reboot

        1
        2
        3
        4
        $ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network
        HOSTNAME=name_new
        $ sudo vi /etc/hosts
        127.0.0.1   localhost.localdomain   name_new

    • DNS: /etc/resolv.conf

      1
      2
      nameserver 8.8.8.8 #google域名服务器
      nameserver 8.8.4.4 #google域名服务器

    • check DNS server status

      1
      $ nslookup www.google.com

    • gateway: /etc/sysconfig/network

      1
      2
      3
      NETWORKING=yes(表示系统是否使用网络，一般设置为yes。如果设为no，则不能使用网络，而且很多系统服务程序将无法启动)
      HOSTNAME=centos(设置本机的主机名，这里设置的主机名要和/etc/hosts中设置的主机名对应)
      GATEWAY=192.168.1.1(设置本机连接的网关的IP地址。例如，网关为10.0.0.2)

    • restart network

      1
      $ sudo service network restart

    • modify IP: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      DEVICE=eth0 #描述网卡对应的设备别名，例如ifcfg-eth0的文件中它为eth0
      BOOTPROTO=static #设置网卡获得ip地址的方式，可能的选项为static，dhcp或bootp，分别对应静态指定的 ip地址，通过dhcp协议获得的ip地址，通过bootp协议获得的ip地址
      BROADCAST=192.168.0.255 #对应的子网广播地址
      HWADDR=00:07:E9:05:E8:B4 #对应的网卡物理地址
      IPADDR=192.168.1.17 #如果设置网卡获得 ip地址的方式为静态指定，此字段就指定了网卡对应的ip地址
      IPV6INIT=no
      IPV6_AUTOCONF=no
      NETMASK=255.255.255.0 #网卡对应的网络掩码
      NETWORK=192.168.1.0 #网卡对应的网络地址
      ONBOOT=yes #系统启动时是否设置此网络接口，设置为yes时，系统启动时激活此设备

    • firewall setting:

      1
      2
      3
      sudo service iptables save
      sudo service iptables stop
      sudo chkconfig iptables off

  • 和网络相关的设置主要如下:

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    /etc/host.conf         配置域名服务客户端的控制文件
    /etc/hosts             完成主机名映射为IP地址的功能
    /etc/resolv.conf       域名服务客户端的配置文件,用于指定域名服务器的位置
    /etc/sysconfig/network 包含了主机最基本的网络信息,用于系统启动.
    /etc/sysconfig/network-script/    系统启动时初始化网络的一些信息
    /etc/xinetd.conf       定义了由超级进程xinetd启动的网络服务
    /etc/networks          完成域名与网络地址的映射
    /etc/protocols         设定了主机使用的协议以及各个协议的协议号
    /etc/services          设定主机的不同端口的网络服务

  • /etc/host.conf文件的默认信息如下：

    1
    2
    multi on           #允许主机拥有多个IP地址
    order hosts,bind   #主机名解析顺序，即本地解析,DNS域名解析的顺序
    • 这个文件一般不需要我们修改，默认的解析顺序是本地解析,DNS服务器解析，也就是说在本系统里对于一个主机名首先进行本地解析，如果本地解析没有，然后进行DNS服务器解析。

  • /etc/hosts文件默认的内容大概如下：

    1
    2
    127.0.0.1   zjunwei localhost.localdomain localhost
    ::1         localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
    • 第一行是ipv4, 第二行是ipv6,不用的话,注释掉
    • 如果ping localhost的时候,显示zjunwei.因为,后面的是它的别名.
    • 这个文件如果被人恶意修改了,是很危险的.比如,淘宝的网站域名解析到了其它的钓鱼网站上.

  • /etc/resolv.conf, 指定域名解析的DNS服务器IP等信息

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    nameserver    指定DNS服务器的IP地址
    domain        定义本地域名信息
    search        定义域名的搜索列表
    sortlist      对gethostbyname返回的地址进行排序

    一般使用nameserver就够用了
    • 一般来说，推荐设置2个DNS服务器，比如我们用google的免费DNS服务器，那么该文件的设置内容如下：
      1
      2
      nameserver 8.8.8.8
      nameserver 8.8.4.4

  • /etc/sysconfig/network

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    NETWORKING=yes
    NETWORKING_IPV6=no
    HOSTNAME=butbueatiful
    GATEWAY=192.168.0.1

    ----
    NETWORK          设置网络是否有效，yes有效，no无效
    NETWORKING_IPV6  设置ipv6网络是否有效，yes有效，no无效
    HOSTNAME         设置服务器的主机名，最好和/etc/hosts里设置一样，否则在使用一些程序的时候会有问题。
    GATEWAY          指定默认网关IP

  • ifcfg-ethX, 设置对应网口的IP等信息, 比如第一个网口, 那么就是/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0，配置例子：

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20
    21
    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    27
    28
    29
    30
    31
    32
    33
    34
    35
    36
    37
    38
    39
    DEVICE="eth0"
    BOOTPROTO="static"
    BROADCAST="192.168.0.255"
    HWADDR="00:16:36:1B:BB:74"
    IPADDR="192.168.1.110"
    NETMASK="255.255.255.0"
    ONBOOT="yes"

    ----
    DEVICE="eth0"
    BOOTPROTO="dhcp"
    HWADDR="00:0C:29:8E:13:7E"
    NM_CONTROLLED="no"
    ONBOOT="yes"

    ----
    DEVICE        设备名，不要自己乱改，和文件ifcfg-ethX里的ethX要一致
    BROADCAST     广播地址
    HWADDR        物理地址，这个你不要乱改
    IPADDR        IP地址
    NETMASK       子网掩码
    ONBOOT        启动或者重启网络时，是否启动该设备，yes是启动，no是不启动
    BOOTPROTO     开机协议，最常见的三个参数如下：
                  static(静态IP)
                  none(不指定,设置固定ip的情况，这个也行，但是如果要设定多网口绑定bond的时候，必须设成none）
                  dhcp(动态获得IP相关信息）

    DEVICE="eth0"              设备名
    NM_CONTROLLED="yes"        设备是否被NetworkManager管理
    ONBOOT="no"                开机是否启动
    HWADDR="00:0C:29:59:E2:D3" 硬件地址（MAC地址）
    TYPE=Ethernet              类型
    BOOTPROTO=none             启动协议{none|dhcp}
    IPADDR=192.168.0.1         IP地址
    PREFIX=24                  子网掩码
    GATEWAY=192.168.0.254      默认网关
    DNS1=202.106.0.20          主DNS
    DOMAIN=202.106.46.151      辅助DNS
    UUID=5fb06bd0-0bb0-7ffb-45f1-d6edd65f3e03    设备UUID编号

  • route-ethX,比如第一个网口eth0的路由信息,那么就是/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0：

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    比如我们现在有这样一个需求，通过eth0去网络172.17.27.0/24不走默认路由，需要走192.168.0.254，那么我们第一反应，肯定是用route命令追加路由信息：
    [root@butbueatiful ~]# route add -net 172.17.27.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.0.254 dev eth0

    可是，你没意识到的是，这样只是动态追加的而已，重启网络后，路由信息就消失了，所以需要设置静态路由，这时候就要设置/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0文件了，如果没有该文件，你就新建一个：
    [root@butbueatiful ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0
    #追加
    172.17.27.0/24via 192.168.0.254

    这下即使重启网络，重启系统，该路由也会自动加载，当然了，如果你没有这样的需要，那么这个文件就没必要创建和配置了。

  • 常用修改文件及命令

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-设备名（通常为ifcfg-eth0)
    /etc/sysconfig/network
    /etc/resolv.conf文件：设置DNS服务器

    以上种种这些方式可以同时在5.0与6.0系统中实现，但6.0系统后官方文档中描述说：ifconfig与route是非常陈旧的命令，取而代之的是ip命令。

    • 老命令

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      11
      12
      13
      14
      15
      16
      17
      18
      19
      20
      21
      22
      23
      ifconfig    接口  选项|地址

      # ifconfig  eth0  up          # 开启eth0网卡
      # ifconfig  eth0  down        # 关闭eth0网卡
      # ifconfig  eth0  -arp        # 关闭eth0网卡arp协议
      # ifconfig  eth0  promisc     # 开启eth0网卡的混合模式
      # ifconfig  eth0  mtu 1400    # 设置eth0网卡的最大传输单元为1400
      # ifconfig  eth0  192.168.0.2/24    # 设置eth0网卡IP地址
      # ifconfig  eth0  192.168.0.2  netmask 255.255.255.0    # 功能同上

      网关设置：

      route  add [-net|-host] target [netmask] gw
      route  del [-net|-host] target [netmask] gw

      # route add  -net 192.168.3.0/24  gw  192.168.0.254    # 设置到192.168.3.0网段的网关为192.168.0.254
      # route add  -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0  gw  192.168.0.254    # 功能同上
      # route add  -host 192.168.4.4  gw  192.168.0.254    # 设置到192.168.4.4主机的网关为192.168.0.254
      #
      # route del  -net 192.168.3.0/24                        # 删除192.168.3.0网段的网关信息
      # route del  -host 192.168.4.4                        # 删除192.168.4.4主机的网关信息
      # route add default gw  192.168.0.254                # 设置默认网关为192.168.0.254
      # route del default gw  192.168.0.254                # 删除默认网关为192.168.0.254

    • 新命令

      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      6
      7
      8
      9
      10
      11
      12
      13
      14
      15
      16
      17
      18
      ip  [选项]  操作对象{link|addr|route...}

      # ip link show                  # 显示网络接口信息
      # ip link set eth0 upi          # 开启网卡
      # ip link set eth0 down         # 关闭网卡
      # ip link set eth0 promisc on   # 开启网卡的混合模式
      # ip link set eth0 promisc offi # 关闭网卡的混个模式
      # ip link set eth0 txqueuelen 1200    # 设置网卡队列长度
      # ip link set eth0 mtu 1400     # 设置网卡最大传输单元
      # ip addr show                  # 显示网卡IP信息
      # ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0 # 设置eth0网卡IP地址192.168.0.1
      # ip addr del 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0 # 删除eth0网卡IP地址

      # ip route list                 # 查看路由信息
      # ip route add 192.168.4.0/24  via  192.168.0.254 dev eth0 # 设置192.168.4.0网段的网关为192.168.0.254,数据走eth0接口
      # ip route add default via  192.168.0.254  dev eth0    # 设置默认网关为192.168.0.254
      # ip route del 192.168.4.0/24    # 删除192.168.4.0网段的网关
      # ip route del default    # 删除默认路由

  • 安全设置

    • /etc/resolv.conf和/etc/hosts被人篡改了的话, 会很危险, 那我们在设置好着2个文件后, 做一下处理, 让这2个文件默认不能直接修改, 即使root也不行, 执行如下命令：

      1
      # chattr +i /etc/{resolv.conf,hosts}

    • 如果想修改时

      1
      # chattr -i /etc/{resolv.conf,hosts}

  • 网络排除思路

    1
    2
    3
    4
    检查本机网络协议是否正确:  # ping -c 3 127.0.0.1
    检查本机网卡链路是否正确:  # ping -c 3 192.168.0.1(本机IP地址)
    检查网关是否正确:          # ping -c 3 192.168.0.254(网关IP地址)
    检查外部连通性:            # ping -c 3 www.google.com.hk

cifs mounting

  • mount cifs as usual nfs for kernel < 3.8, but the newer Ubuntu 16.04 adopts different way
    1
    2
    3
    The default in mainline kernel versions prior to v3.8 was sec=ntlm. In v3.8, the default was changed to sec=ntlmssp.

    $ sudo mount.cifs ubuntu-shared/ /mnt -o user=admin,sec=ntlm

Reference

ldconfig

  • check lib loading order

    1
    ldconfig -p

  • after install lib in system, load the lib in cache file

    1
    sudo ldconfig

  • config setting, loaded by order(number, character)

    1
    /etc/ld.so.conf.d

locate

Update locate database, which will be updated daily by cron(man updatedb)

1
sudo updatedb

update-alternative

  • setup link for gcc/g++,

    • --install <link> <name> <path> <priority> priority is higher if the value is bigger.
      1
      2
      3
      4
      5
      sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-5 5
      sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-7 10

      sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-5 5
      sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-7 10

  • config different gcc/g++

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    sudo update-alternatives --config gcc
    There are 2 choices for the alternative gcc (providing /usr/bin/gcc).

      Selection    Path            Priority   Status
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    * 0            /usr/bin/gcc-7   10        auto mode
      1            /usr/bin/gcc-5   5         manual mode
      2            /usr/bin/gcc-7   10        manual mode

    Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number:

aria2c download by multi-thread

  • install

    1
    sudo apt install aria2

  • download a package

    1
    aria2c  -c -s 16 -x 16 http://web/page/file.tar.bz2
Contents
  1. 1. Install Ubuntu
    1. 1.1. Ubuntu 12.04 installer in USB mass storage device
    2. 1.2. Ubuntu 12.04 硬件安装
  2. 2. proxy settings
  3. 3. 确保apt-get工作正常
  4. 4. firefox 同步
  5. 5. Adobe flash support
  6. 6. 关闭ubuntu Tab键自动补全的声音
  7. 7. 安装git
  8. 8. 安装quilt
  9. 9. 安装ssh
    1. 9.1. ssh后 perl: warning: Setting locale failed
  10. 10. 设置默认shell为bash
  11. 11. rpm 包安装
  12. 12. 64-bit 系统对32-bit的兼容
  13. 13. 安装五笔
  14. 14. 设置背景色
  15. 15. vim 安装
  16. 16. 恢复光标关闭前的位置
  17. 17. 目录結构
  18. 18. 创建root及其密码
  19. 19. 设置默认编辑器
  20. 20. fix: override cpp setting
  21. 21. Add user to a group
  22. 22. Keep the env for sudo
  23. 23. sudo echo
  24. 24. sudo不需要输入密码
  25. 25. Eclipse setup
  26. 26. Wine for windows program
  27. 27. Boot Ubuntu from terminal
  28. 28. Boot Ubuntu from specific kernel
  29. 29. Set memmap in GRUB
  30. 30. Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)
  31. 31. Boot Ubuntu without the specific module installed automatically
  32. 32. Networking setting
  33. 33. Local networking setting RNDIS(Ubuntu)
  34. 34. Networking setting (CentOS)
  35. 35. cifs mounting
  36. 36. ldconfig
  37. 37. locate
  38. 38. update-alternative
  39. 39. aria2c download by multi-thread